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Syllabi

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MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY
FOR 6 MODEL SYLLABI FOCUSING ON
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN COMMUNICATION STUDIES:

THE SIX COURSES
(These links are to the model syllabi)
...Philosophic Perspectives
...Participant Observation
...The Interview
...Analyzing Texts and Documents
...Deconstructing Communication Theories
...Communication Practice, Design, and Policy Lab

DEVELOPED IN 1996 BY:
Brenda Dervin, PhD, 3016 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA dervin.1@osu.edu. Note: This bibliography was developed to support model syllabi in curriculum review procedures and to serve as a base resource for course instructors. The readings come primarily from authors in and journals of the communication fields. The comserve index of journals in the communication fields was an invaluable resource in the process (http://www.cios.org. For a modest fee (around $45 per year) one obtains unlimited access to searching on this site (e.g.. the right to search all journals across all years in one pass).

BIBLIOGRAPHY
....Agar, M. & Hobbs, J.R. (1982). Interpreting discourse: Coherence and the analysis of ethnographic interviews. Discourse Processes, 5(1), 1-32.

Albrecht, T.L. (1982). The study of network structuring in organizations through the use of method triangulation. The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 46(2), 162-178.

Althiede, D. (1996). Qualitative media analysis. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Altman, K.E. & Nakayama, T.K. (1991). Making a critical difference: A difficult dialogue. Journal of Communication, 41(4, Autumn), 116-130.

Anderson, J.A. (1995). The pragmatics of audience in research and theory. in J. Hay, L. Grossberg, & E. Wartella (eds.), The audience and its landscapes, Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.

Anderson, J. (1987). Communication research: issues and methods. New York: McGraw Hill.

Anderson, J.A., & Goodall, J.H.L. (1994). Probing the body ethnographic: From an anatomy of inquiry to a poetics of expression. in F.L. Casmir (ed.), Building communication theories: a socio-cultural approach, (pp. Ch. 3). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Anderson, J. & Shoening, G. (1995). The nature of the individual in communication research. in D. Grodin & T.R. Lindlof (eds.), Constructing the self in a mediated world, (pp. Ch. 11). Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Anderson, L. (1986). Hearing you in my own voice: Woman as listener and reader. in G. McGregor & R.S. White (eds.), The art of listening, (pp. 73-86). London: Croom Helm.

Ang, I. (1995 2). Ethnography and radical contextualism in audience studies. in J. Hay, L. Grossberg, & E. Wartella (eds.), The audience and its landscapes, Boulder, CO.: Westview Press.

Ang, I. (1995 1). Living room wars: Rethinking media audiences for a postmodern world. Florence, Ky.: Routledge.

Ang, I. (1989). Wanted: audiences. On the politics of empirical audience studies. in E. Seiter, G. Borchers, G. Kreutzner, & E. Warth (eds.), Remote control: Television, audiences, and cultural power., (pp. 96-115). New York: Rutledge.

Angus, I.H. & Lannamann, J.W. (1988). Questioning the institutional boundaries of US communication research: An epistemological inquiry. Journal of Communication, 38(3, Summer), 62-74.

Arneson, P. (1993). Situating three contemporary qualitative methods in applied organizational communication research: Historical documentation techniques, the case study method, and the critical approach to organizational analysis. in S.L. Herndon & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication, pp. 159-174). Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press, Inc.

Arnett, R.C. (1995). Defining communication: A practical act. in J.T. Wood, Toward the 21st century: The future of speech communication. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Asante, M.K. (1992). The escape into hyperbole: Communication and political correctness. Journal of communication, 42(2, Spring), 141-147.

Banks, S.P. & Riley, P. (1993). Structuration theory as an ontology for communication research. Communication Yearbook, 16, 167-196.

Bantz, C. (1993). Ethnographic analysis in organizational cultures. in S.L. Herndon & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication, (pp. 107-120). Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press, Inc.

Beach, W.A. (1995). Maps and diggings. in S.J. Sigman (ed.), The consequentiality of community, (pp. Ch. 7). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Beach, W.A. (1995). Orienting to the phenomenon. in D. Grodin & T.R. Lindlof (eds.), Constructing the self in a mediated world, (pp. Ch. 4). Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Beach, W.A. (1994). Relevance and consequentiality. Western journal of communication, 58(1, Winter), 51-57.

Beach, W.A. & Japp, P. (1983). Storifying as time-traveling: The knowledgeable use of temporally structured discourse. Communication yearbook, 7, 867-888.

Benoit, P.J. (1988). A case for triangulation in argument research. Journal of the American forensic association, 25(1), 31-42.

Berger, A.A. (1995). The artwork (or text). in A.A. Berger, Essentials of mass communication theory, (pp. 27-52). Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Berger, A.A. (1995). Essentials of mass communication theory. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Berger, C. (1994). Evidence? For what? Western journal of communication, 58,(1, Winter), 11-19.

Berger, A.A. (1991). Media analysis techniques. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Berntrand, J.T., Brown, J.E., & Ward, V.M. (1992). Techniques of analyzing focus group data. Evaluation review, 16(2), 198-209.

Biersecker, B.A. (1989). Rethinking the rhetorical situation from with the thematic of difference. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 22(2), 110-130.

Bineham, J.L. (1995). The hermeneutic medium. Philosophy and rhetoric, 28(1), 1-16.

Bizzell, P. (1992). Academic discourse and critical consciousness. Pittsburgh: U. of Pittsburgh Press.

Blumler, J.G., McLeod, J.M., & Rosengren, K.E. (1992). An introduction to comparative communication research. in J.G. Blumler, J.M. McLeod, & K.E. Rosengren (eds.), Comparatively speaking: Communication and culture across space and time, (pp. 3-18). Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage.

Booth, W. (1961). The rhetoric of fiction. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.

Borden, S.L. (19193). Empathic listening: The interviewer's betrayal. Journal of mass media ethics, 8(4), 219-226.

Bormann, E.G., Bormann, E., & Harty, K.C. (1995). Using symbolic convergence theory and focus group interviews to develop communication designed to stop teenage use of tobacco. in L.R. Frey (ed.), Innovations in group facilitation, Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Braman, S. (1993). Harmonization of systems: The third stage of the information society. Journal of Communication, 43(3, Summer), 133-140.

Branham, R.J. & Pearce, W.B. (1985). Between text and context: Toward rhetoric of contextual reconstruction. Quarterly journal of speech, 71(1), 19-36.

Brown, M.H. & Kreps, G.L. (1993). Narrative analysis and organizational development. in S.L. Herndon & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication, (pp. 47-62). Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press, Inc.

Brown, R.H. (1994). Logics of discovery as narratives of conversion: Rhetorics of invention in ethnography, philosophy, and astronomy. Philosophy and rhetoric, 27(1), 1-34.

Brummett, B. & Duncan, M.C. (1990). Theorizing without totalizing: Specularity and televised sports. Quarterly journal of speech, 76(3, August), 227-246.

Burgoon, M. & Bailey, W. (1992). Pc at last! Pc at last! Thank God almighty, we are pc at last! Journal of communication, 42(2, Spring), 95-104.

Burrowes, C.P. (1996). From functionalism to cultural studies: Manifest ruptures and latent continuities. Communication theory, 6(1, February), 88-103.

Bybee, M.D. (1994). Quantitative and qualitative abductive inquiry. Philosophy and rhetoric, 27(4), 415-417.

Cahn Dudley, D. & Hanford, J.T. (1984). Perspectives on human communication research: Behaviorism, phenomenology, and an integrated view. The western journal of speech communication, 48(3, Summer), 277-292.

Campbell, K.K. (1995). In silence we offend. in J.T. Wood, Toward the 21st century: The future of speech communication. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Carbaugh, D. (1990). The critical voice in ethnography of communication research. Research on language and social interaction, 23, 261-282.

Carey, J.W. (1992). Political correctness and cultural studies. Journal of communication, 42(2), 56-72.

Carlson, A.C. (1994). How one uses evidence determines its value. Western journal of communication, 58(1, Winter), 20-24.

Carter, R.F. (1991). Comparative analysis, theory, and cross-cultural communication. Communication theory, 1(2, May), 151-159.

Chang, B.G. (1987). Deconstructing the audience: Who are they and what do we know about them? Communication yearbook, 10, 649-665.

Chirban, J.T. (1996). Interviewing in depth: The interactive-relational approach. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Clark, E.C. (1994). Reconstructing history: The epitomizing image. in E.M. McMahan & K.L. Rogers (eds.), Interactive oral history interviewing, (pp. Ch. 2). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Cobb, S. (1994). A critique of critical discourse analysis: Deconstructing and reconstructing the role of intention. Communication theory, 4(2, May), 132-152.

Condit, C.M. (1993). The critic as empath: Moving away from totalizing theory. Western journal of communication, 57,(2, Spring), 178-190.

Connell, I. & Miles, A. (1985). Text, discourse, and mass communication. in T.A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse and communication: New approaches to the analysis of mass media discourse and communication, (pp. 26-43). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Conquergood, D. (1995). Between rigor and relevance: Rethinking applied communication response: Don Quixotes in the academy: Are we tilting at windmills? in K.M. Cissna (ed.), Applied communication in the 21st century, (pp. Ch. 7). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Conrad, C. (1995). Was Pogo Right? in J.T. Wood, Toward the 21st century: The future of speech communication, Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Conrad, C. (1993). Rhetorical/communication theory as an ontology for structuration research. Communication yearbook, 16, 197-208.

Cox, J.R. (1990). Memory, critical theory, and the argument from history. Argumentation and advocacy, 27(1), 1-13.

Cragan, J.F. & Shields, D.C. (1995). Using SCT-based focus group interviews to develop communication designed to stop teenage use of tobacco. in L.R. Frey (ed.), Innovations in group facilitation, Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Crnkovic, G. (1992). Why should you write about eastern Europe, or: Why should you write about `the other'? Feminist issues.

D'Amico-Samuels, D. (1991). Undoing fieldwork: Personal, political, theoretical, and methodological implications. in F. Harrison (ed.), Decolonizing anthropology: Moving further toward an anthropology of liberation, (pp. 68-87). Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association.

Deetz, S.A. (1982). Critical interpretive research in organizational communication. The western journal of speech communication, 46(2, Spring), 131-149.

Deetz, S. (1978). Conceptualizing human understanding: Gadamer's hermeneutics and American communication studies. Communication quarterly, 26(2, Spring), 12-23.

Dervin, B. (1994). Information<---->Democracy: An examination of underlying assumptions. Journal of American society for information science, 45(6), 369-385.

Dervin, B. (1993). Verbing communication: A mandate for disciplinary invention. Journal of communication, 43(3), 45-54.

Dervin, B. (1992). From the mind's eye of the user: The sense-making qualitative-quantitative methodology. in J.D. Glazier & R.R. Powell (eds.), Qualitative research in information management, (pp. 61-84). NY: Libraries Unlimited.

Dervin, B. (1991). Critical content analysis: An introduction to methodology and method [Draft manuscript]. Department of Communication, Ohio State University, 3016 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, Columbus, Ohio 43210.

Dervin, B. (1989). Users as research inventions: How research categories perpetuate myths. Journal of communication, 39(3), 216-232.

Dervin, B. (1989). Audience as listener and learner, teacher and confidante: The sense-making approach. in R. Rice & C. Atkin (eds.), Public communication campaigns (2nd), (pp. 67-86). Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage.

Desilet, G. (1991). Heidegger and Derrida: The conflict between hermeneutics and deconstruction in the context of rhetorical and communication theory. Quarterly journal of speech, 77(2), 152-175.

Docherty, D., Morrison, D., & Tracy, M. (1993). Scholarship as silence. Journal of communication, 43(3, Summer), 230-238.

Eadie, W.F. (1995). Making a difference: The status and challenges of applied communication research. in K.M. Cissna (ed.), Applied communication in the 21st century, (pp. Ch. 13). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Eastland, L.S. (1993). The dialectical nature of ethnography: Limality, reflexivity, and understanding. in S.L. Herndon & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication, (pp. 121-138). Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press, Inc.

Evans, R. (1995). "Masks": Literacy, ideology, and hegemony in the academy. Rhetoric review, 14(1), 88-104.

Farrell, T.B. (1985). Narrative in natural discourse: On conversation and rhetoric. Journal of communication, 35(4, Autumn), 109-127.

Farrell, T.B. (1980). Critical models in the analysis of discourse. The western journal of speech communication, 44(4), 300-314.

Felts, A.A. (1978). Hermeneutic phenomenology: A critique of Leonard Hawes' conception. Communication quarterly, 26(4, Fall), 58-64.

Fetterman, D.M. (1989). Ethnography: Step by step. Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage.

Finch, J. (1983). "It's great to have someone to talk to": The ethics and politics of interviewing women. in. C. Bell & H. Roberts (eds.), Social researching: Politics, problems, practice, (pp. 106-118). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Fisher, W.R. (1985). The narrative paradigm. Journal of communication, 35(4, Autumn), 74-89.

Fitch, K.L. (1994). Criteria for evidence in qualitative research. Western journal of communication, 58(1, Winter), 32-38.

Folger, J.P. (1991). Interpretive and structural claims about confrontations. Communication yearbook, 14, 393-402.

Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social text, 25/16, 56-80.

Frey, L.R., Botan, C.H., Friedman, P.G., & Kreps, G. (1992). Content analysis. in L.R. Frey, C.H. Botan, P.G. Friedman, & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Interpreting communication research: A case study approach, (pp. 194-218). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Frey, L.R., Botan, C.H., Friedman, P.G., & Kreps, G.L. (1992). Ethnography. in L.R. Frey, C.H. Botan, P.G. Friedman, & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Interpreting communication research: A case study approach, (pp. 247-311. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Frey, L.R., Botan, C.H., Friedman, P.G., & Kreps, G. (1992). Interaction analysis. in L.R. Frey, C.H. Botan, P.G. Friedman, & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Interpreting communication research: A case study approach, (pp. 219-246). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Frey, L.R., Botan, C.H., Friedman, P.G., & Kreps, G. (1992). Overview of textual analysis. in L.R. Frey, C.H. Botan, P.G. Friedman, & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Interpreting communication research: A case study approach, (pp. 162-166).

Fry, D.L. & Fray, V.H. (1986). A semiotic model for the study of mass communication. Communication yearbook, 9, 443-462.

Futrell, A.W. & Willard, C.A. (1994). Intersubjectivity and interviewing. in E.M. McMahan & K.L. Rogers (eds.), Interactive oral history interviewing, (pp. Ch 6). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Gandy Jr., O.H. (1993). On building theory from the inside out. Communication yearbook, 16, 381-395.

Ganguly, K. (1992). Accounting for others: Feminism and representation. in L. Rakow (ed.), Women making meaning: New feminist directions in communication, (pp. 60-82). New York: Routledge.

Glik, D.C., Parker, L., Miligande, G., & Hategikimana, B. (1907). Integrating qualitative and quantitative survey techniques. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 7(3), 181-200.

Gouran, D. (1995). The task scholars report in historical and future perspective. in J.T. Wood (ed.), Toward the 21st century: The future of speech communication, Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Grele, R.J. (1994). History and the languages of history in the oral history interview: Who answers whose questions and why? in E.M. McMahan & K.L. Rogers (eds.), Interactive oral history interviewing, (pp. Ch. 1). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Grodin, D. & Lindlof, T.R. (1995). The self in a mediated communication. in D. Grodin & T.R. Lindlof (eds.), Constructing the self in a mediated world, (pp. Ch. 1). Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Gross, L. (1992). There they go again. Journal of communication, 42(2, Spring), 105-112.

Grossberg, L. (1992). Being politically correct in a politically incorrect world. Journal of communication, 42 (2, Spring), 148-149.

Grossberg, L. (1982). Does communication theory need intersubjectivity? Toward an imminent philosophy of interpersonal relations. Communication yearbook, 6, 171-205.

Grover, R. & Glazier, J. (1992). Structured participant observation. in J.D. Glazier & R.R. Powell (eds.), Qualitative research in information management, (pp. 105-121). Englewood, Co.: Libraries Unlimited.

Hansen, A.A. (1994). A riot of voices: Racial and ethnic variables in interactive oral history interviewing. in E.M. McMahan & K.L. Rogers (eds.), Interactive oral history interviewing, (pp. Ch. 7). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Hardt, H. (1989). The return of the "critical" and the challenge of radical dissent: Critical theory, cultural studies, and American mass communication research. Communication yearbook, 12, 558-600.

Hardt, H. & Brennan, B. (1993). Introduction: Communication and the question of history. Communication theory, 3(2, May), 130-135.

Hawes, L.C. (1994). Revisiting reflexivity. Western journal of communication, 58(1, Winter), 5-10.

Hawes, L.C. (1977). Toward a hermeneutic phenomenology of communication. Communication quarterly, 25(3, Summer), 30-41.

Henderson, L. (1992). Paris is burning and academic conservatism. Journal of communication, 42(2, Spring), 113-130.

Herndon, S.L. (1993). Using focus group interviews for preliminary investigation. in S.L. Herndon & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Qualitative research: Applications in organizational communication, (pp. 39-46). Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press, Inc.

Hoijer, B. (1990). Reliability, validity and generalizability: Three questions for qualitative reception research. The Nordicom review, 1, 15-20.

Hollinger. (1994). Postmodernism and the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Holstein, J.A. & Gubrium, J.F. (1988). The active interview. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Huspek, M. (1990). The idea of ethnography and its relation to cultural critique. Research on language and social interaction, 23, 293-312.

Hutchins, W.J. (1985). Information retrieval and text analysis. in T.A. van Dijk (ed.), Discourse and communication: New approaches to the analysis of mass media discourse and communication, (pp. 106-125). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Ito, Y. (1992). Theories on interpersonal community styles from a Japanese perspective: A sociological approach. in J.G. Blumler, J.M. McLeod, & K.E. Rosengren (eds.), Comparatively speaking: Communication and culture across space and time, (pp. 238-270). Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage.

Jackson, S. (1991). Method as argument. in B.E. Gronbeck (ed.), Spheres of argument: Proceedings of the sixth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation, (pp. 1-8). Annandale, Va.: Speech Communication Association.

Jacobson, T.L. (1991). Theories as communication. Communication theory, 1(2, May), 145-150.

Jankowski, N.W. & Wester, F. (1991). The qualitative tradition in social science inquiry: Contributions to mass communication research. in K.B. Jensen & N.W. Jankowski (eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research, (pp. 44-74). London and New York: Routledge.

Jensen, K.B. (1995). After convergence: Constituents of a social semiotic of media reception. in J. Hay, L. Grossberg, & E. Wartella (eds.), The audience and its landscapes. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.

Jensen, K.B. (1995). The social semiotics of mass communication. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Jensen, K.B. (1991). Introduction: The qualitative turn. in K.B. Jensen & N.W. Jankowski (eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research, (pp. 1-11). London: Routledge.

Jensen, K.B. (1991). Humanistic scholarship as qualitative science: Contributions to mass communication research. in K.B. Jensen & N.W. Jankowski (eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research, (pp. 17-43). London and New York: Routledge.

Jordan, G. (1991). On ethnography in an intertextual situation: Reading narratives or deconstructing discourse? in F. Harrison (ed.), Decolonizing anthropology: Moving further toward an anthropology of liberation, (pp. 42-67). Washington, D.C.: American Anthropologist Association.

Jorgensen, D.L. (1989). Participant observation: A methodology of human studies. Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage.

Kazoleas, D.C. (1993). A comparison of the persuasive effectiveness of qualitative versus quantitative evidence: A test of explanatory hypothesis. Communication quarterly, 41(1), 40-50.

Kersten, A. (1986). Philosophical foundations for the construction of critical knowledge. Communication yearbook, 9, 756-774.

Kramarae, C. (1995). Chronic power problems. in J.T. Wood (ed.), Toward the 21st century: The future of speech communications, Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Kreps, G.L. (1995). Using focus group discussions to promote organizational reflexivity: Two applied communication field studies. in L.R. Frey (ed.), Innovations in group facilitation, Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Laditka, J.N. (1991). Language, power, and play: The dance of deconstruction and practical wisdom. Rhetoric review, 9(2), 298-311.

Lang, H.S. (1985). Philosophy as text and context. Philosophy and rhetoric, 18(3), 158-170.

Lanigan, R.L. (1982). Semiotic phenomenology: A theory of human communication praxis. Journal of applied communication research, 10(1), 62-73.

Lannamann, J.W. (1991). Interpersonal communication research is ideological practice. Communication theory, 1(3, August), 179-203.

Lannamann, J.W. & Angus, I. (1989). Outside the boundary: A critique of communication as representation. Journal of communication, 39(4, Autumn), 126-131.

Larsen, P. (1991). Textual analysis of fictional media content. in K.B. Jensen & N.W. Jankowski (eds.), A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research, (pp. 121-134). London and New York: Routledge.

Lee, W.S. (1994). On not missing the boat: A processual method for inter-cultural understanding of idioms and lifeworld. Journal of applied communication research, 22(2), 141-161.

Levy, M.R. & Gurevitch, M. (1994). Defining media studies: Reflections on the future of the field. New York: Oxford.

Liebes, T. (1995). Notes on the struggle to define involvement in television viewing. in J. Hay, L. Grossberg, & E. Wartella (eds.), The audience and its landscapes. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.

Lindlof, T.R. (1995). Qualitative communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Lindlof, T.R. & Grubb-Swetman, A. (1995). Seeking a path of greatest resistance: The self becoming method. in D. Grodin & T.R. Lindlof (eds.), Constructing the self in a mediated world, (pp. Ch. 12). Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

Liska, J. & Cronkhite, G. (1994). On the death, dismemberment, or disestablishment of the dominant paradigms. Western journal of communication, 58(1, Winter), 58-65.

Livingstone, S.M. (1990). Interpreting a television narrative: How different viewers see a story. Journal of communication, 40(1, Winter), 72-85.

Lucaites, J.L. & Condit, C.M. (1985). Re-constructing narrative theory: A functional perspective. Journal of communication, 35(4, Autumn), 90-108.

Lucas, S.E. (1988). The renaissance of American public address: Text and context in rhetorical criticism. Quarterly journal of speech.

Lugones, M & Spelman, E. (1983). Have we got a theory for you! Feminist theory, cultural imperialism, and the demand for "the women's voice." Women's studies international forum, 6(6), 573-581.

Lunt, P. & Livingstone, S. (1996). Rethinking the focus group in media and communication research. Journal of communication, 46(2, Spring), 79-98.

Macksoud, S.J. (1971). Phenomenology, experience and interpretation. Philosophy and rhetoric, 4(3), 139-149.

Marvin, C. (1994). The body of the text: Literacy's corporeal constant. Quarterly journal of speech, 80(2), 129-149.

Mason, S.A. (1993). Communication processes in the field research interview setting. in S.L. Herndon & G.L. Kreps (eds.), Qualitative research: Application in organizational communication, (pp. 29-38). Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press, Inc.

McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

McDermott, R.P. & Church, J. (1976). making sense and feeling good: The ethnography of communication and identity work. Communication, 2(2), 121-142.

McDermott, R.P., Godpodinoff, K. & Aron, J. (1978). Criteria for an ethnographically adequate description of concerted activities and their contexts. Semiotica, 24(3/4), 245-275.

McGee, M.C. (1990). Text, context and the fragmentation of contemporary culture. Western journal of speech communication, 54(Summer), 274-289.

McGregor, G. (1986). Listening outside the participation framework. in G. McGregor, & R.S. White (eds.), The art of listening, (pp. 55-72). London: Croom Helm.

McRobbie, A. (1991). The politics of feminist research: Between talk, text, and action. in A. McRobbie (ed.), Feminism and youth culture: From Jackie to just seventeen, (pp. 61-80). Boston: Unwin Hyman.

Medhurst, M.J. (1985). Resistance, conservatism, and theory building: A cautionary note. The western journal of speech communication, 49(2, Spring), 103-115.

Michaels, S. (1987). Text and context: A new approach to the study of classroom writing. Discourse processes, 10(4), 321-346.

Miller, G.R. (1995). "I think my schizophrenia is better today," said the communication researcher unanimously: Some thoughts on the dysfunctional dichotomy between pure and applied communication research. in K.M. Cissna (ed.), Applied communication in the 21st century, (pp. Ch. 5). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Mishler, E.G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Moffitt, M.A. (1992). Bringing critical theory and ethical considerations to definitions of a "public." Public relations review, 18(1), 17-29.

Moores, S. (1990). Texts, readers and contexts of reading: Developments in the study of media audiences. Media, culture and society, 12, 9-29.

Morgan, D.L. (1988). Focus groups as qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.

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